| 1 | a | | The bird is producing sound by bill, either clattering with the bill or drumming on wood. | ► 2 |
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| 1 | b | | The bird is singing or calling. | ► 5 |
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| 2 | a | Black and white, 100 to 115 cm tall bird, with half of that height being made up by the red legs. Often clattering with the bill.  | | | White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) |
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| 2 | b | | At least half smaller bird with short legs, usually climbing the trees using the stiff tail as a support. Drumming on wood (woodpeckers). | ► 3 |
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| 3 | a | | |
| 3 | b | | Green coloured back. Drums in spring. | ► 4 |
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| 4 | a | | The head is green with the red crown. Drums rarely with soft, fast rolls. Song is a series of 6-9 mechanical-sounding whistles, which gradually drop in pitch. | | | Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) |
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| 4 | b | | |
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| 5 | a | | Singing mostly during the night. | ► 6 |
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| 5 | b | | Singing mostly during the day. | ► 10 |
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| 6 | a | | |
| 6 | b | | Song composed of clear singing notes with longer pause in between, regularly repeated. | ► 8 |
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| 6 | c | | Song usually long and melodious, without a pause. | ► 9 |
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| 8 | a | | A small owl. Song is a loud short deep whistling, constantly repeated every 2-3 seconds. | | | Scops Owl (Otus scops) |
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| 8 | b | | |
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| 9 | a | | |
| 9 | b | | Fluting and warbling song, which often begins with a few high, drawn-out, thin notes, and then the verse drops in pitch and speeds up with fast runs of trembling and exited clear squeaky notes. | | | Robin (Erithacus rubecula) |
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| 9 | c | | |
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| 10 | a | | Climbing the trees using the stiff tail as a support or climbing in all directions. | ► 11 |
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| 10 | b | | Not climbing tree trunks. | ► 15 |
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| 11 | a | | Back is grey, breast and belly orange, climbing in all directions (even with the head down), but not using the tail. Singing very loud. | | | Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) |
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| 11 | b | | Always climbing upwards supported with the tail. | ► 12 |
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| 12 | a | | |
| 12 | b | | Medium sized woodpecker, black or green on the back. Calling loud or drumming on wood. | ► 13 |
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| 13 | a | | |
| 13 | b | | |
| 13 | c | | Green coloured back. | ► 14 |
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| 14 | a | | The head is green with the red crown. Drums only rarely with fast but soft rolls. Song is a series of 6-9 mechanical-sounding whistles, which gradually drop in pitch. | | | Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) |
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| 14 | b | | |
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| 15 | a | | Bigger bird, twice or three times of the Blackbird. | ► 16 |
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| 15 | b | | Middle sized, approximately the size of the Blackbird. | ► 24 |
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| 15 | c | | Small bird, half of the size of the Blackbird or even smaller. | ► 25 |
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| Larger bird, 2-3 × the size of the Blackbird |
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| 16 | a | | Uniformly coloured bird (black or grey). | ► 17 |
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| 16 | b | | Two-coloured or multicoloured bird. | ► 20 |
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| 17 | a | | Mostly uniformly medium of light grey bird. Breast and belly only slightly lighter, but in principle of the same colour. | ► 18 |
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| 17 | b | | Mostly uniformly black or dark grey bird | ► 19 |
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| 18 | a | | Abundant in parks, often feeding on grass lawns. At the neck side is large white patch. In flight is clearly visible a white transverse band on upperwings. Underwings are uniformly grey. Singing high up in the canopy. Song is a hollow, hoarse, stifled, growling hooh-hrooo ... | | | Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus) |
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| 18 | b | | Widespread and abundant in towns and cities. Usually in flocks. Generally grey, but also in many colour variants. Underwings are white. Song is a moaning drroo-u, repeated several times, often with faint increase in volume. | | | Feral Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) |
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| 18 | c | | |
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| 19 | a | | At the distance the bird looks all dark. At closer range is dark grey with lighter grey neck-side and nape. Calls rather short and cutting kyack. | | | Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) |
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| 19 | b | | Bigger bird uniformly black. Very noisy, commonest call, also functioning as song, is hard rolling croak repeated 3-4 times, krra-kraa-kraa. | | | Carrion Crow (Corvus corone corone) |
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| 20 | a | | Two-coloured bird (generally only two colours of plumage). | ► 21 |
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| 20 | b | | |
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| 21 | a | | Black and white bird with very long tail. Most calls are hoarse and unmusical. Best known is long-drown-out, fast very hoarse staccato series tsche-tsche-tsche ... | | | Magpie (Pica pica) |
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| 21 | b | | |
| 21 | c | | Bigger bird with two-coloured plumage with dirty light grey body and black wings, tail and head. Very noisy; the commonest call, which also functions as song, is a hard rolling croak repeated 3-4 times, krra-kraa-kraa. | | | Hooded Crow (Corvus corone cornix) |
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| 22 | a | | Pointed wings are log and triangular. Tail is long. Bill is short. | ► 23 |
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| 22 | b | | Black and white striped, broadly rounded wings and tail. Orange body and crown with an erectile crest like Indian chief’s. Long narrow slightly down curved bill. Song is hollow, muffled with three syllables oop-oop-oop. | | | Hoopoe (Upupa epops) |
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| 23 | a | | Plain blue-grey back, head and breast with sharp border bellow against finely dark barred white belly. Familiar two syllables of the song kooo-koo are repeating for a long time. | | | Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) |
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| 23 | b | | Bird of prey with reddish-brown back contrasting with dark grey wing tips. Frequently hovers with hanging tail spread like a fan. Calling in the flight with a fast series of short, sharp notes kee-kee-kee ... | | | Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) |
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| Size of the Blackbird |
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| 24 | a | | Manly black bird, with yellow bill. Singing high in the trees and at the top of the buildings. Song long and melodious. | | | Blackbird (Turdus merula) |
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| 24 | b | | Black bird with many white spots on the body. Song very complicated sequence of loud whistles and rather soft knocking sounds or squeaks. Often imitating other birds. | | | Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) |
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| Size of the Sparrow |
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| 25 | a | | Bird with very powerful, triangular bill, big head and tick neck, but short tail. Dominant colours are rusty-brown with black white and grey patterns (embellishments). Calls are sharp, dry and high-pitched explosive notes pix. | | | Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) |
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| 25 | b | | Bill is not so prominent; the tail is not so short. | ► 26 |
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| 26 | a | | Breast are uniformly bright orange. | ► 27 |
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| 26 | b | | |
| 26 | c | | Breast are whitish, grey or brown. | ► 29 |
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| 27 | a | | Back is brown, belly is white. Legs are brown. Fluting and warbling song, which often begins with a few high, drawn-out, thin notes, and then the verse drops in pitch and speeds up with fast runs of trembling and exited clear squeaky notes. | | | Robin (Erithacus rubecula) |
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| 27 | b | | Back is grey; belly is also orange like breast. Legs are black. Song is short, soft, melancholy verse at high pitch, which is constantly repeating from very fist light in the morning till the evening. | | | Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) |
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| 28 | a | | Head is also yellow. Back is brown with dark strips. Song is series of 5-8 high-pitched rapidly repeated trills, flagging at the end si-si-si-si-si-süü. | | | Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) |
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| 28 | b | | Head is blue. Also wing and tail are bluish. Song consists of clear fast trills sisiüdu, which are repeated with short pause. | | | Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) |
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| 28 | c | | Head is black with big white chick patch. On the yellow underparts is black band stretching from throat towards the tail. Rhythmic ringing songs ti-ta ti-ta ti-ta or ti-ti-ta ti-ti-ta ti-ti-ta. | | | Great Tit (Parus major) |
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| 29 | a | | Main colour on the upper side (back in tail) is black. Swallow like silhouette with long narrow and pointed wings. | ► 30 |
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| 29 | b | | |
| 29 | c | | |
| 29 | d | | Upper side of different colour | ► 38 |
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| 30 | a | | The whole bird is black, only throat is pale. Usually can be observed in the flight, catching insects and calling with shrill, monotone, ringing scream srriiirr. | | | Swift (Apus apus) |
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| 30 | b | | Belly and underparts of the tail are white. | ► 31 |
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| 31 | a | | The symbolic swallow with long deep forked tail. Usually nesting inside of the buildings. The rather loud song consists of rapid twitter and than interrupted by a croaking sound, which turns into a dry rattle. | | | Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) |
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| 31 | b | | Pure white rump contrasting sharply with otherwise black upperparts. Underparts are also pure white. Black tail is short and moderately forked. Breeds usually in a small colonies in the nests attached on the outside of the houses. Noisy, especially in colonies. Gives incessant dry but pleasing twitter prrit. | | | House Martin (Delichon urbica) |
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| 32 | a | | The whole bird is more or less brown. Song is long and melodious, pauses between syllables are short. | ► 33 |
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| 32 | b | | The upperparts are more or less brown. Brest and belly are whitish or greyish. Syllables of the song are short, between is longer pause. | ► 34 |
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| 33 | a | | Very small uniformly brown bird, with the tail upwards when singing. Usually in the forest or in city parks and large gardens with dense vegetation. Singing very loud usually at the lower branches of the trees or at the top of the bushes. | | | Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) |
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| 33 | b | | More often heard then seen. Plain brown appearance with a bit darker upperparts and paler underparts. The song is best recognised by recurring whistles in crescendo lu lu lü lü li li. It singing also during the night. | | | Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) |
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| 33 | c | | |
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| 34 | a | | |
| 34 | b | | |
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| 35 | a | | Distinctive drawing (mask) on the head. | ► 36 |
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| 35 | b | | Head uniformly coloured. | ► 37 |
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| 36 | a | | Black and white and grey slender bird with long tail. With the tail is constantly wagging up and down. The call is easily recognisable two- or three-syllable, cheerful tsli-vitt or zi-ze-litt. | | | Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba) |
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| 36 | b | | Uniformly grey bird with paler underparts. Black (males) or brown (females) cap on the head. Song beautiful, long and melodious. | | | Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) |
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| 36 | c | | Uniformly grey bird with paler underparts and greyer tail and crown. Ear-coverts are darker grey, darker then the crown. Pure white throat contrasting sharply with the head. Song is loud rattling series tell-tell-tell-tell. | | | Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca) |
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| 37 | a | | Upperparts are pale grey, underparts are whitish-grey. Song is a series of simple, quiet, high-pitched whistles. The rhythm is little uneven with whistles well spaced. | | | Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata) |
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| 37 | b | | Upperparts are dark grey. Belly and underparts of the tail are red. Constantly vibrates its tail. Song loud and complicated with characteristic krschkrschkrsch in it. | | | Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) |
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| 38 | a | | Bird yellowish-green in general appearance, no prominent white pattern on the wings or head. | ► 39 |
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| 38 | b | | Bird more bright coloured, with white patterns on the wings or head. | ► 40 |
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| 39 | a | | |
| 39 | b | | Smaller bird with tiny little bill. Song a very fast and almost strained stream of squeaky, sharp and jingking notes at even pitch. It is singing at treetop or in song-flight with stiff slow-motion wingbeats. | | | Serin (Serinus serinus) |
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| 40 | a | | Head-side and breast rusty-red contrasting with blue-greyish crown and nape. It has greyish-black wings with double white wing-bar. Song loud and complicated, but very characteristic. | | | Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) |
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| 40 | b | | Very colourful bird (black, yellow, red, brown, white) unmistakable with its red “face”. Black wings with broad yellow bar. Song rather quiet; consists of rapid trills, meowing notes and twittering sequences. | | | Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) |
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